Kei tua atu i te miro: Te tūhura i ngā ranunga papanga whatu tauwhiro me te auaha mō tētahi heke mai matomato ake
He nui te pānga o te mahi ahuwhenua miro tuku iho ki te taiao. He nui te wai e pau ana, ā, tata ki te 50% o ngā pāmu miro e whakawhirinaki ana ki te ua anake. He mea whakamataku hoki te whakamahinga o ngā patupatu, e 4.61% o ngā patupatu katoa e whakamahia ana puta noa i te ao. Hei tāpiri, e whakaatu ana tētahi tātaritanga huringa ora ko te whakaputanga miro e tuku ana i te 1,601 kg o te CO2 mō ia tana mita o te huruhuru miro.
E hiahia nui ana te umanga kakahu ki ētahi atu momo kakahu tauwhiro. He otinga whai hua ngā ranunga papanga whatu auaha, pērā i ngā whatu miro waro me ngā miro hangarua. Ehara i te mea ka whakaiti noa i te kino ki te taiao ēnei whanaketanga engari ka whakarei ake hoki i te mahi me te whānui o ngā kakahu.
Ngā Whakaaro Matua
- Ka kino te taiao ki te mahi ahuwhenua miro tuku iho mā te whakamahi i te nui o te wai me ngā patu pepeke. Te huri ki ngā papanga pumau ka āwhina i te whakaiti i tēnei pānga.
- He kaha, he pai hoki te hāmi hei whakakapi mō te miro. He iti ake te wai e whakamahia ana, he iti ake hoki ngā matū e whakamahia ana, ā, he pai ake tēnei mō te ao.
- He tere te tupu o te bamboo, ā, he iti noa te wai e hiahiatia ana, nō reira he rauemi pumau. Heoi, ko te āhua o te tukatuka ka pā ki tōna pānga ki te taiao whānui.
- Ka āwhina ngā rauemi hangarua ki te whakaiti i te para i roto i te umanga kakahu. Mā te whakamahi i ngā muka hangarua ka penapena rauemi, ā, ka whakaiti i te hiahia mō ngā rauemi hou.
- Mā te whakaranu i ngā muka rerekē ki ngā kakahu ka taea te whakapai ake i te mahi. Ka whakakotahihia e tēnei huarahi ngā āhuatanga pai rawa atu o ia rauemi, ka hangaia he papanga maha ngā whakamahinga, he pakari hoki.
Hemp: Te Huarahi Whakakapi Maha
He mea rongonui te hemp hei mea whai hua, ā, he huarahi pumau hei whakakapi i te miro tuku ihoHe maha ngā painga taiao o tana whakatipu, ā, he mea ātaahua tēnei mō te umanga kakahu. E 50-70% te iti iho o te wai e whakamahia ana e te hemp i te miro i te wā e whakatipu ana. Mā tēnei whai huatanga ka tino whakaitihia te taumahatanga ki ngā rauemi wai. Hei tāpiri, he iti ake ngā patu pepeke me ngā patu taru e hiahiatia ana e te hemp. Nā tōna ātete taiao ki ngā pepeke ka whakaitihia te hiahia mō ngā matū kino, ka taea te whakararu i te hauora o te oneone me te kanorau koiora. He rerekē, e hiahia ana te mahi ahuwhenua miro ki te 10,000 rita wai mō ia kirokaramu e whakaputaina ana, e whakaatu ana i te nui o te wai e pau ana.
Mā ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o ngā muka hemp ka nui ake te ataahua o ēnei muka i roto i ngā mahi whatu. Ko te kaha motuhake o te muka hemp he tata ki te 0.45 N/tex, e waru ngā wā e kaha ake ana i te muka harakeke. Ka whai wāhi tēnei kaha ki te roa o te mau o ngā kakahu hemp. Heoi anō, ka taea e te hemp te mimiti i te makuku tae atu ki te 30% o tōna taumaha, ā, ka pai te whakahaere i te makuku. Mā tōna hanganga muka tuwhera ka taea te whakahaere i te pāmahana, ka noho whakamarie te hunga mau i ngā pāmahana rerekē. He pai hoki te manawa o ngā kakahu hemp, ā, he pai te kawe wera, ā, he pai mō ngā āhuarangi rerekē.
Kua kitea te tipu whakamiharo o te hanga kākahu o te ao. I te tau 2024, neke atu i te 60,000 tana te nui o te hanga, e whakaatu ana i te pikinga 25% i whakaritea ki te tau 2022. Neke atu i te 45% o te katoa o te whakamahinga muka kākahu e whakamahia ana i te wāhanga kākahu. Ko te hua o tēnei pikinga ko te pikinga ake o te tono mō ngā rauemi pumau me te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau tukatuka. I te mea ka nui ake te aro o ngā kaihoko ki te taiao, ka haere tonu te whānui o te mākete mō ngā kākahu e ahu mai ana i te kākahu.
Ahakoa ōna painga, kei te mau tonu ngā wero i roto i te hanga arumoni o te hemp. Ko te koretake o ngā ture e pā ana ki te ihirangi THC me ngā mana whakatipu ka ārai i te tipu o te mākete. He arai anō hoki ngā utu whakaputa nui, nā te mea he nui ngā haumitanga tuatahi e hiahiatia ana mō te whakatipu me te tukatuka. Hei tāpiri, he maha tonu ngā kaihoko e hono ana i te hemp ki te tarukino, e whakawhāiti ana i tōna manakohia i roto i ngā momo rāngai. He mea nui ngā kaupapa mātauranga hei huri i te tirohanga a te marea me te hanga whakawhirinaki ki ngā hua hemp.
E whakaatu ana te aromatawai i te huringa ora he iti ake ngā pānga taiao o ngā papanga hemp i ngā papanga miro. He iti ake te waikura o te hemp, he iti ake te kaha ki te mahana o te ao, me te iti ake o te kaha ki te waikawa i te miro. E whakaatu ana ēnei kitenga i ngā painga pumau o te hemp i roto i te hanga kakahu.
Pāpaka: Rauemi Tauwhiro o te Taiao
Kua puta te bamboo hei kaiārahi rauemi pumau i roto i te umanga kakahuNā te tere o te tipu me te iti o ngā rauemi e hiahiatia ana, he mea ātaahua tēnei hei whakakapi i ngā muka tuku iho pērā i te miro. Ka taea e te bamboo te tipu ki te 39 inihi i te rā kotahi, e whakaatu ana i tōna tere tipu whakamiharo. Mā tēnei tere tipu ka taea te hauhake pai me te kore e pau ngā rauemi taiao.
He iti ake te wai e hiahiatia ana mō te whakatipu pāpaka i te miro. Ahakoa he maha ngā wā e hiahiatia ana te whakamakuku nui mō te whakatipu pāpaka, ka tupu pai te pāpaka me te iti o te wai. Ehara i te mea ka penapena wai noa iho tēnei whai huatanga engari ka whakaitihia hoki te pānga ki te taiao e pā ana ki ngā hua e nui ana te wai.
Kāore ngā painga o te pāmu i te taiao e horapa atu ana i tua atu i tana whakatipu. He rauemi whakahou te pāmu, ā, ka ora anō i muri i te hauhake. Nā tēnei āhuatanga ka kore e hiahiatia te whakato anō, ka waiho te pāmu hei whiringa pumau mō te hanga kakahu. Hei tāpiri, he tino pirau te kakahu pāmu. Ina makahia, ka pakaru noa iho, ka whakarei ake i te oneone, me te kore e waiho he toenga kino, mena kāore he tae paitini e whakamahia.
Heoi anō, ka pāngia te oranga tonutanga e ngā tikanga tukatuka mō te huri i te pāpaka hei muka kakahu. Ko ngā tikanga tino noa ko:
- Te Tukatuka Matū (Viscose)Kei roto i tēnei tikanga ngā matū paitini, ka pā kino ki te taiao me ngā kaimahi. Ka nui te parahanga o te wai.
- Pūwero Rīwai PēkanaHe pūnaha porowhita-kati tēnei e whakamahi ana i ngā matū hangarua, e whakaiti ana i ngā para me ngā kino ki te taiao. He kōwhiringa pumau ake tēnei.
- Te Tukatuka Mīhini (Rine Pāma)Ko tēnei tikanga te mea tino pai mō te taiao, kāore he matū kino e whakamahia ana. Heoi, he nui te mahi me te utu nui.
Ahakoa he rauemi mata te pāpaka, he nui te pānga o te tikanga tukatuka ki tōna oranga whānui. Ko te rinena pāpaka te mea tino pai mō te taiao, engari ko te raiona pāpaka he iti ake te oranga nā te whakamahinga o ngā matū paitini.
He mea nui ngā tiwhikete hei whakamana i te pumau o ngā kakahu pāma. Ko ētahi o ngā tiwhikete rongonui ko:
| Tiwhikete | Whakaahuatanga |
|---|---|
| Ōeko-Tex | Ka whakarite kia kore he matū kino i roto i ngā kakahu, ā, ka tirotirohia ngā wheketere mō ngā kawenga pāpori me te taiao. |
| NGĀ KŌTAHI | E hiahiatia ana kia 70% te iti rawa o ngā muka waro, ā, he tino pakari ngā paearu mō ngā paerewa taiao me te pāpori puta noa i te mekameka tuku. |
| WĀ WHAKANGAHAU | I mua kua whakamanahia he pāpaka waro engari kāore e taea te whakamana i tēnei i ēnei rā, ā, kei te whakapaehia ngā tapanga OCIA. |
| OCS | E arotahi ana ki te whakatipu i ngā rauemi mata, me te kore e aro ki ngā take taiao mō te tukatuka me te hanga. |
Ahakoa ōna painga, kei te whakahēngia te hanga kakahu mai i te pāma. Ko te whakawhiti i te pāma hei kakahu he maha ngā wā ka uru atu ki ngā tukanga e nui ana te kaha me ngā matū kino. Ka ara ake ngā āwangawanga mō te pānga ki te taiao o te hua whakamutunga, inā koa ka whakatairangahia e ngā kaihanga ngā kakahu pāma me te kore e whakaatu i te tukatuka ahumahi e whai wāhi ana.
Mō te whakamarie me ngā āhuatanga miihini, ka taea e ngā papanga whatu i ahu mai i te pāmu te whakataetae ki te miro. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau he rite ngā āhuatanga whakamarie o te ranunga pāmu me te miro 50:50 ki ērā o ngā papanga pāmu 100%. E whakaatu ana tēnei ka taea e te pāmu te whakamahi hei whakakapi i te miro i roto i ngā mahi papanga whatu.
Nā ngā āhuatanga ahurei o te pāmu, me tōna kaha ki te whakatipu me te tukatuka tauwhiro, ka tū ia hei kaitākaro matua i roto i te rapunga o ngā kakahu matomato. I te tipu haere o te hiahia mō ngā rauemi e pai ana ki te taiao, ka tū te pāmu hei otinga whai hua mō te heke mai tauwhiro ake i roto i te umanga kakahu.
Ngā Rauemi Hangarua: Te Whakaora Hou i ngā Kakahu
He mea nui te mahi a ngā rauemi hangarua ki te whakatairanga i te oranga tonutanga i roto i te umanga kakahu. Mā te huri i ngā para ki ngā muka hou, ka tino whakaitihia e ngā kaihanga ngā para whenua. Ehara i te mea ka whakaitihia noa te nui o ngā para totoka e tēnei tukanga, engari ka tiakina hoki ngā rauemi mā te whakaiti i te hiahia mō ngā muka kakahu hou. I te tau 2018, i eke te reiti hangarua mō ngā kakahu katoa ki te 14.7%, me te tata ki te 2.5 miriona tana i hangarua i taua tau. He mea nui, ko te reiti hangarua mō ngā kākahu me ngā hu i whakatauhia ki te 13%, ko ngā whāriki me ngā urunga i eke ki te reiti 15.8%.
Ko ngā puna muka hangarua tino noa ko:
- Polyester hangaruaI ahu mai i ngā pounamu kirihou te nuinga.
- Miro hangaruaHe maha ngā wā i ahu mai i ngā para hanga.
- Nairona hangaruaI ahu mai i ngā kupenga hī ika kua whakarērea, kua hurihia hei ECONYL®.
Te whakamahi ngā rauemi hangarua i roto i te papanga whatu He maha ngā painga taiao o te mahi hanga. Ka whakaitihia ngā matū kino, te wai, me te whakapaunga pūngao e pā ana ki te hanga kakahu. Hei tāpiri, ka āwhina ngā mahi hangarua ki te whakaiti i te pānga taiao o te hanga muka hou.
Heoi anō, kei reira ngā wero i roto i te hanga papanga whatu kounga teitei mai i ngā muka hangarua. Me whakatū e te umanga he paerewa hou kua whakaritea mō ēnei rauemi. Hei tāpiri, me urutau ngā tukanga miro o nāianei kia urutau ai ki ngā āhuatanga ahurei o ngā muka hangarua. Ka taea e ngā hangarau matatau, pērā i te mātauranga horihori, te āwhina i te wehewehe me te arotau i te tukanga hangarua.
I te tipu haere o te hiahia mō ngā kakahu tauwhiro, tera pea ka piki ake te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi hangarua. Ehara i te mea ko tēnei panoni anake te tautoko i ngā whāinga taiao engari ka akiaki hoki i te auahatanga i roto i te umanga kakahu. Mā te awhi i ngā rauemi hangarua, ka taea e ngā kaihanga te whai wāhi atu ki tētahi heke mai matomato me te whakatutuki i ngā tumanakohanga a ngā kaihoko mō te tauwhiro.
Tencel me Lyocell: Te Anamata o ngā Kakahu Tauwhiro
He whanaketanga nui a Tencel me Lyocell i roto i te hanga kakahu tauwhiro. I ahu mai ēnei muka i te cellulose e kitea ana i roto i te penupenu rakau, i ahu mai i ngā ngahere e whakahaeretia ana me te tika. Ko tā rātou tukanga whakaputa e aro nui ana ki te kawenga taiao, ma te whakamahi i tētahi pūnaha porowhita kati e hangarua ana i te 95-99% o ngā whakarewa. Mā tēnei tikanga ka whakaitihia te tukunga matū ki te taiao ki te whakaritea ki te hanga viscose, ki te hanga miro rānei.
Nā ngā āhuatanga motuhake o ngā muka Tencel me Lyocell e pai ai mō ngā momo whakamahinga i roto i te papanga whatu. Kei te ripanga e whai ake nei te whakarāpopototanga o ō rāua āhuatanga matua:
| Āhuatanga | Whakaahuatanga |
|---|---|
| Taketake Taiao | I hangaia mai i te cellulose i roto i te penupenu rakau i ahu mai i ngā rākau i whakatipuria. |
| Te Taiao Pirau-ā-Kiwa | He pirau ngā muka mai i te taiao, ā, ka whakaiti i te pānga ki te taiao. |
| Tukanga Whakaputa Porowhita-kati | Mā te whakamahi i tētahi tukanga hurihuri whakarewa e hangarua ana i te 99% o te whakarewa, e whakaiti ana i te para me te whakamahinga pūngao. |
| Kāore e hiahiatia he whakama | Kāore e whakamahia he wai mā te whakaputanga, kia kore ai he hauota kore utu e kitea i roto i te hua whakamutunga. |
| Te Whakamōhiotanga Taiao | I whakawhiwhia ki te Tohu Taiao 2000 e te Kotahitanga o Ūropi mō te hangarau tauwhiro. |
He tino pai te whakahaere makuku o ngā muka Lyocell, e 50% te nui ake o te wai e mimitihia ana e rātou i te miro. He tino pakari hoki, ā, ka mau tonu te kaha ahakoa te mākū. Nā tēnei kaha e pai ai mō ngā papanga whatu kounga teitei. Hei tāpiri, kāore e hiahiatia he whakama mō ngā muka Tencel me Lyocell, he mea noa tēnei i roto i ētahi atu mahi kakahu, e whakarei ake ana i tō rātou pai ki te taiao.
He mea nui te mahi a ngā tiwhikete ki te whakamana i te pumau o ngā papanga Tencel me Lyocell. Kei te ripanga e whai ake nei ngā tiwhikete rongonui e pā ana ki ēnei rauemi:
| Ingoa Tiwhikete | Whakaahuatanga |
|---|---|
| Hua Pūtake-koiora kua Whakamanahia e te USDA | Ka tautuhi i ngā hua i hangaia mai i ngā tipu, i ngā rauemi rānei ka taea te whakahou. |
| Tapanga Taiao | He tapanga a te Kotahitanga o Ūropi mō ngā hua he iti te pānga ki te taiao, kua manatokohia puta noa i te huringa ora o aua hua. |
| Pirau/Whakapūkara nā TÜV Austria Belgium NV | E tohu ana ka taea e ngā papanga te hoki katoa ki te taiao i raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē. |
| Kaunihera Tiaki Ngāhere | E whakarite ana kia ahu mai te rakau i ngā ngahere e whakahaerehia ana me te tika. |
| STeP nā OEKO-TEX® | E whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ana mō ngā mahi taiao i roto i te umanga kakahu. |
I te whanaketanga tonu o te umanga kakahu, ko Tencel me Lyocell ngā kōwhiringa whai hua mō te hanga papanga whatu pumauNā ō rātou āhuatanga ahurei me te whakapau kaha ki te tiaki i te taiao, ka tū rātou hei kaiārahi i roto i te rapunga o ngā kakahu matomato.
Te Whakaranu mō te Mahi: Te Whakakotahi i ngā Rauemi
Te whakaranu i ngā rauemi i roto i te papanga whatu Ka whakarei ake te mahi whakaputa i ngā āhuatanga mahi, ka nui ake te whai huatanga me te maha o ngā whakamahinga o ngā kakahu. He maha ngā wā ka whakakotahi ngā kaihanga i ngā muka taiao me ngā muka hangai hei whakatutuki i ngā āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana. Mā tēnei huarahi ka taea e rātou te whakamahi i ngā kaha o ia momo muka me te whakaiti i ngā ngoikoretanga.
Kei te ripanga e whai ake nei ētahi ranunga rauemi e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā papanga whatu e aro ana ki te mahi, me ō rātou painga anō hoki:
| Ranunga Rauemi | Ngā Āhuatanga | Ngā Painga | Ngā Whakamahinga Rongonui |
|---|---|---|---|
| Miro ārai-huakita | Kei roto te miro taru kawa, te miro kawhe rānei, hei ārai i te tipu o ngā huakita | He pai mō ngā kākahu hākinakina me te whakamahi i waho i te raumati | Ngā kākahu hākinakina me te whakamahinga o waho i te raumati |
| Miro whakamatao me te maroke tere | Ka mimiti i te makuku, ka āwhina i te werawera | Ka noho maroke, ka noho whakamarie hoki te kaimau | Ngā kākahu hākinakina me te whakamahinga o waho i te raumati |
| Miro ārai-UV | Ka whakarato i te tiaki mai i ngā hihi UV | Ka tiaki i te kiri i ngā mahi o waho | Ngā kākahu hākinakina me te whakamahinga o waho i te raumati |
| Ngā miro ātete-mura | Ātete ki te ahi | He pai mō te whakamahinga mahi me te whakamahinga o waho | Te whakamahinga mahi me te whakamahinga o waho |
| Ngā miro kawe | Kei roto ngā muka arataki e āhei ai te arataki hiko | He whai hua mō ngā kākahu hākinakina me ngā wāhanga hiko | Ngā kākahu hākinakina me te whakamahinga o waho i te raumati |
| Miro whakaata | Ka kitea i ngā āhuatanga mārama iti | Ka whakarei ake i te haumaru i ngā mahi o te pō | Ngā kākahu hākinakina me te whakamahinga o waho i te raumati |
| Ngā miro wera-matū | Ka huri te tae me ngā rerekētanga pāmahana | Tāpirihia he āhuatanga ahurei mō ngā kākahu hākinakina | Ngā kākahu hākinakina me te whakamahinga o waho i te raumati |
Ka pāngia hoki te tapuwae taiao o ngā papanga whatu e te whakaranu muka taiao me te hanga. Ka pirau noa ngā muka taiao, ā, kāore e tukuna he kirihou moroiti. He iti ake te tapuwae taiao ina tangohia mai i te pūtake tika. Mā te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi taiao ka whakaitihia te whakawhirinaki ki ngā wahie pūmua, ā, ka tautoko i te tauira porowhita, iti te para. Heoi, he maha ngā wā ka whakarei ake ngā muka hanga i te mahi, ka hua ake he wero hangarua uaua. Ka uaua pea te wehewehe me te hangarua i ēnei ranunga, ka whakaitihia te hihiri ki te hangarua, ā, ka hua ake he nui ake ngā para.
Ko ngā āhuatanga hanganga o ngā papanga whatu whakaranu, pērā i te matotoru o te papanga me te porosity, he pānga nui ki te whakahaere makuku. Ko ngā hanganga whatu ngāwari me te porosity teitei ake he pai ake te uruhanga o te hau, he mea nui mō te mahi tango makuku. Hei tauira, me whai āhuatanga ngā hāte pahikara pērā i te uruhanga makuku teitei me te pakari kia pai ai te whakahaere i te werawera me te whakarato whakamarie.
I te haere tonu o te auahatanga o te umanga kakahu, ka whai wāhi nui te whakaranu rauemi ki te waihanga i ngā papanga whatu mahi-teitei, pumau hoki e tutuki ai ngā hiahia o ngā kaihoko o ēnei rā.
He mea nui te neke atu i te miro mō te umanga kakahu. He nui ngā wero taiao mō te ahuwhenua miro tuku iho, tae atu ki te whakamahinga nui o te wai me te whakawhirinaki ki ngā patupatu. E ai ki ngā pūrongo ahumahi hou, ko ngā piki me ngā heke o ngā utu miro o te ao e akiaki ana i ngā kaihanga ki te whakamahi i ngā rautaki hoko ngāwari. E hangai ana tēnei panoni ki te whakanui ake i te pumau, e hua ake ana te whakamahinga o ngā muka hangarua me ngā muka kua whakahoutia.
He maha ngā painga o ngā ranunga papanga rerekē. Ka whakarei ake i te mahi, ka whakaiti i te pānga ki te taiao, ka whakatairanga hoki i te tiaki rauemi. Hei tauira, ko te kaupapa 'Cotton for Change' a Patagonia e whakaatu ana i te whakapau kaha o te umanga ki ngā mahi tauwhiro.
He pai te āhua o te heke mai o te umanga kakahu. Mā ngā mahi auaha pēnei i ngā papanga whatu atamai me ngā pokapū whatu ā-rohe ka huri i te mahi whakaputa. Mā ēnei whanaketanga ka tautoko i tētahi heke mai matomato, ka whakarite kia noho tonu te pumau ki mua i te mahi hanga kakahu.
Ngā Pātai Auau
He aha ngā painga taiao o te whakamahi i te hemp i roto i ngā kakahu?
He iti ake te wai me te iti ake o ngā patupatu e hiahiatia ana mō te whakatipu hemp i tērā i te miro. Ka mimiti hoki i te CO2 i te wā e tipu ana, ā, ka iti ake ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi.
He aha te whakataurite i waenganui i te papanga pūangi me te miro e pā ana ki te oranga tonutanga?
He tere te tupu o te pāpaka, ā, he iti noa te wai e hiahiatia ana. Heoi, ka pāngia te oranga tonutanga e ōna tikanga tukatuka. Ko te rinena pāpaka te kōwhiringa tino pai mō te taiao, engari ko te rayon pāpaka he matū kino kei roto.
He aha ngā mea e hangaia ai a Tencel me Lyocell?
I ahu mai ngā muka Tencel me Lyocell i te cellulose e kitea ana i roto i te penupenu rakau. I ahu mai ēnei i ngā ngahere e whakahaerehia ana me te whai kawenga, ā, e whakamahi ana i tētahi tukanga whakaputa porowhita kati, e whakaiti ana i te para me te pānga ki te taiao.
He aha te hiranga o ngā rauemi hangarua i roto i te umanga kakahu?
Ka whakaitihia e ngā rauemi hangarua te para i roto i ngā whenua ururua, ā, ka tiaki hoki i ngā rauemi. Ka āwhina i te whakaiti i te hiahia mō ngā muka hou, ka whakaiti i te tapuwae taiao e pā ana ki te hanga kakahu.
Me pēhea te whakarei ake i te mahi a ngā papanga whakaranu?
Ka whakakotahi ngā papanga whakaranu i ngā kaha o ngā muka rerekē, ka whakapai ake i te pakari, te whakahaere makuku, me te whakamarie. Mā tēnei whānuitanga o te whakamahi ka taea e ngā kaihanga te hanga papanga kua whakaritea mō ngā tono motuhake, pērā i ngā kākahu hākinakina, ngā taputapu o waho rānei.
