Ungawunika Njani Umbala Ohlala Uhleli Weempahla Zezemidlalo Ezimelana Nokubila Nokuhlanjwa?

Ukudaya iimpahla zemidlalo okuhlala ixesha elide kuxhomekeke ekukhetheni iidayi ezisabelayo okanye ezisasazwayo. Unyango olufanelekileyo lwelaphu ngaphambi kokuba lunyangwe kunye nonyango olusebenzayo emva kokuba lunyangiwe kubalulekile. Abathengi abaninzi baxela ukuba iidayi ziphuma eluswini okanye kwezinye iimpahla kwaye ziphela emva kokuba zihlanjiwe. Ezi ndlela zibalulekile ekufezekiseni ukubila kunye nokumelana nokuhlanjwa kwempahla yezemidlalo. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela kuqinisekisa umbala ohlala ixesha elide kunye nokusebenza.

Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe

• Khetha iidayi ezifanelekileyo kwiimpahla zemidlalo. Iidayi ezisebenzayo zisebenza kwimpahla yendalo. Iidayi ezisasazwayo zisebenza kwimpahla eyenziweyo. Oku kwenza imibala ihlale ixesha elide.
• Lungisa amalaphu kakuhle ngaphambi kokuba uwadaye. Amalaphu acocekileyo ayayifunxa idayi ngcono. Oku kunceda imibala ihlale ilingana kwaye ikhanya.
• Sebenzisa unyango olukhethekileyo emva kokudaywa. Olu nyango lugcina imibala. Lwenza iimpahla zemidlalo ziqine xa zibila kwaye zihlanjwa.

Ukuqonda Iintlobo Zedayi Zokudaya Iimpahla Zemidlalo Ezihlala Zihleli

Ukukhetha uhlobo oluchanekileyo lwedayi kubalulekile ukuze kufezwe ukudaywa kweempahla zemidlalo okuhlala ixesha elide. Iifayibha ezahlukeneyo zifuna iikhemikhali zedayi ezithile ukuqinisekisa ukuba umbala awugugi, awutshisi, kwaye awubonakali ekukhanyeni.

Iidayi Ezisabelayo Kwiifayibha Zendalo

Iidayi ezivuselelayo zilungele iifayibha zendalo ezifana nomqhaphu, ilinen, kunye ne-rayon, ezixhaphakileyo kwiindidi zempahla yezemidlalo. Ezi dayi zenza unxibelelwano oluqinileyo lweekhemikhali kunye neemolekyuli zefayibha. Iidayi ezivuselelayo ziqulathe amaqela asebenzayo asabela ngokwekhemikhali kunye namaqela e-hydroxyl kwi-cellulose kunye namaqela e-amino kwi-protein fibers. Olu lwalamano lwenza ii-covalent bonds. Ulwakhiwo lweekhemikhali ngokubanzi lwale dayi lungamelwa njenge-WDB-Re, apho 'i-Re' imele iqela elivuselelayo. Imizekelo ethile yala maqela avuselelayo ibandakanya izakhiwo ezisekelwe kwi-triazine, i-pyrimidine, i-vinylsulfone, kunye ne-phosphonic acidIidayi ezisebenza ngefayibha, ezifana iidayi ze-monoazo okanye ze-dichlorotriazine, zenzelwe ukwenza iibhondi eziqinileyo ze-covalent ngeefayibha ngexesha lenkqubo yokudaya. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba umbala awugugi ncam. Olu qhagamshelo luqinileyo luthetha ukuba umbala uba yinxalenye yefayibha ngokwayo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba imelane kakhulu nokufiphala ngenxa yokuhlanjwa nokubila.

Iidayi zokuSasaza kwiiFibers zokwenziwa

Iidayi ze-Disperse zezona zikhethwa kakhulu kwiifayibha ezenziweyo ezifana ne-polyester, i-nylon, kunye ne-acetate. Ezi fayibha azinazo iindawo zokusabela kwi-covalent bonding. Iidayi ze-Disperse zezona zikhethwayo. azina-ionic. Azinyibiliki emanzini kakhulu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kusetyenziswe ngendlela eyahlulwe kakuhle nesasazekileyo. Indlela yabo yokudaya ixhomekeke ekusasazekeni kweemolekyuli endaweni yokunyibilika. Iimolekyuli zedayi ziyahamba ziye kwiindawo ezingenanto zemicu yokwenziwa xa zishushu. Zenza amandla e-van der Waals kunye neebhondi ze-hydrophobic ezinee-polymer chains ngaphakathi kwifayibha. Zininzi izinto ezichaphazela oku kusasazwa, kubandakanya ubungakanani bemolekyuli yedayi, ubukhristali befayibha, kunye nobushushu bokuguquka kweglasi yefayibha (Tg). I-Azo barbituric acid kunye ne-thiobarbituric acid derivatives zinezakhiwo zeemolekyuli ezikhethekileyo. I-barbituric acid moiety inamaqela amaninzi e-carbonyl asebenzisana nemicu yelaphu, okwandisa ukufunxwa, ukuqiniswa, kunye nokukhawuleza kombala. Iqela le-azo, elidityaniswe ne-barbituric moiety, linokubakho kwiifom ezahlukeneyo ze-tautomeric, linegalelo kwiipropati ze-spectral kunye nokuziphatha okuphendulayo kwe-pH. Ezi derivatives zibonisa amandla amahle okwamkela i-electron.

💡 Ingcebiso: Kwimpahla yezemidlalo yepolyester, iidayi ezisasazekileyo zibonelela ngokukhawuleza okugqwesileyo kwe-sublimation. Phantsi kwemigangatho ye-ISO 105-P01, ngokukhawuleza kwe-sublimation kweedayi ezisasazekileyo kwimpahla yezemidlalo yepolyester kudla ngokuvavanywa ukuba azinambala kwaye azinawo utshintsho kumbala. 180°C okanye 210°C imizuzwana engama-30Emva koko olu vavanyo lwenziwa kwisikali esingwevu esi-1-5. Xa luvavanywa ngokwe-ISO 105-P01, iziphumo zokukhawuleza kwe-sublimation kwiisampulu ze-PET ezidayiweyo ngokubanzi ziqala phakathi komgangatho ophakathi ukuya kogqwesileyo (Ibanga eli-1 ukuya kweli-5, apho eli-1 liphantsi kwaye eli-5 libalaseleyo). Iisampulu zePET zivame ukubonisa ukubamba kwe-sublimation okungcono kancinci xa kuthelekiswa namalaphu adayiweyo e-acrylic kunye ne-nylon. Iidayi eziqulethe amaqela atshintshayo afana ne--NO2 kunye ne--Cl nazo ziye zabonwa zibonisa ukubamba kwe-sublimation okuphuculweyo.

Izinto Omele Uziqwalasele Xa Udaywa Ngombala Kwimpahla Yezemidlalo

Ukudaya umbala kubandakanya ukufaka amasuntswana ombala anganyibilikiyo kumphezulu welaphu usebenzisa i-binder. Ii-inki zemibala zenziwe ngamanzi, umgubo wemibala ocolekileyo, kunye nesixhobo sokubophaNangona zikhethwa ukuba zisetyenziswe ngobuchule ngenxa yokuba azibangeli ngxaki kwaye azinazo i-allergen, indlela i-inki ye-pigment ehlala ngayo kumphezulu welaphu, endaweni yokungena kwiifayibha, inokwenza ilaphu livakale lithambile kancinci xa lithelekiswa nezinye iiseti zeinki zelaphu. Amalaphu asandul’ ukudaywa ngemibala adla ngokubonisa ukuqina okanye ubulukhuni bokuqala. Olu kuqina ludla ngokuncipha xa kuhlanjwa emva koko. Inkqubo yokudaya ibandakanya icandelo lokubopha, elibizwa ngokuba yi-binder, elinceda umbala unamathele kumphezulu welaphu. Emva kokuba i-binder isetyenzisiwe, impahla yomiswa kakuhle ukuze ifake idayi. Nangona imibala inika ukukhanya okuhle, ukukhawuleza kwayo ukuhlamba kunokuba ngaphantsi kunedayi ephendulayo okanye esasazekayo kuba umbala awudibani neekhemikhali nefayibha. Oku kunokuba yingxaki kwiimpahla zemidlalo ezihlanjwa rhoqo.

Ukudaywa kwe-Vat ukuze kuhlale ixesha elide

Iidayi ze-vat zaziwa ngeempawu zazo zokuqina ezibalaseleyo, ingakumbi kwiifayibha ze-cellulosic. Iidayi ze-vat azinyibiliki ekuqaleni. Zincitshiswa zibe yimo ye-'leuco' enyibilikayo kwindawo ene-alkaline kunye ne-reducing medium, evumela ukuba zisasazeke kwi-fiber. Xa i-oxidation (ichatshazelwa ngumoya okanye ii-oxidizing agents), imo ye-leuco ibuyela kwimo yayo yokuqala ye-pigment enganyibilikiyo. Le pigment enganyibilikiyo ibanjwa ngaphakathi kwi-fiber, nto leyo eyenza iimolekyuli zedayi zingabi nakuhlanjwa, ukukhanya, kunye neekhemikhali. Iidayi ze-Vat ziyakwazi ukufotokotha ngenxa yesakhiwo sazo se-molecular, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zingabi nakufotokotha kwaye zivumele ukuba zigcine umbala wazo nasemva kokukhanya ixesha elide. Iidayi ze-Vat azinyibiliki ngaphakathi kwi-fiber kwaye zenze i-chemical bond, ukuqinisekisa ukuba azitshintshi naphantsi kweemeko zokuhlamba okanye ze-bleach. Oku kuzenza zifaneleke kwiimpahla zemidlalo ezisebenza kakuhle ezifuna ukuqina kakhulu.

I-ISO 105 B02 ngumgangatho oqhelekileyo wamazwe ngamazwe wokukhawuleza kombala ekukhanyeni. Kubandakanya ukuveza isampulu yelaphu ngaxeshanye nezinto ezibonisa uboya obuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ukunyamalala kwesampulu yovavanyo emva koko kulinganiswa xa kuthelekiswa nesalathiso soboya obuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Isikali seBlue Wool siqala kwi-1 (ukukhawuleza kombala okuphantsi kakhulu ukuya ekukhanyeni) ukuya kwi-8 (ukukhawuleza kombala okuphezulu kakhulu ukuya ekukhanyeni).

Ukulungiselela Ilaphu Nokusetyenziswa Kokudaya Iimpahla Zemidlalo

Ukufikelela kumbala ohlala ixesha elide kwiimpahla zemidlalo kufuna okungaphezulu kokukhetha nje iidayi ezifanelekileyo. Ukulungiswa kwelaphu kunye nenkqubo yokudaya ngokwayo kudlala indima ebalulekileyo. Unyango olufanelekileyo lwangaphambi kokulungiswa luqinisekisa ukuba ilaphu liyayamkela idayi ngokulinganayo. Iindlela eziphambili zokudaya ziphucula ukuba umbala ungatshintshwa. Ukusebenza kakuhle emva konyango kuyawuthintela umbala kwaye kuphucule ukusebenza kwelaphu.

Iinkqubo Ezibalulekileyo Zangaphambi Konyango

Ukulungiswa kwelaphu linyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo ekudayini iimpahla zemidlalo ixesha elide. Kususa ukungcola okunokuthintela ukufunxwa kwedayi. Iinkqubo ezimbini eziphambili kukukhuhla kunye nokufunxa.

Ukukhuhla yinkqubo yokucoca. Kususa ukungcola kwimicu, kwiintambo, okanye kwilaphu. Oku kudla ngokubandakanya ukuhlamba ngezisombululo ze-alkaline. Ukukhuhla kususa izinto ezingezizo iiseli kwikotoni. Kukwasusa nezinto zokuthambisa, ukungcola, izinto zendalo, kunye nee-antistatic agents. Ezi zinto zingcolileyo zenza ifayibha ingafunxi. Ukukhuhla yenza ilaphu lifunxeke kakhulu. Lenza kube lula ukungena kwedayi kunye neekhemikhaliLe nkqubo ishiya ilaphu likwimeko yokufunxa kakhulu. Ikwenza oku ngaphandle komonakalo omkhulu weekhemikhali okanye womzimba. Ukukhuhla ngokufanelekileyo kuthintela iingxaki ezifana nokudaya imibala emdaka. I-wax okanye izinto zangaphandle, ukuba azisuswanga, zingabangela ezi ngxaki.

Ukufunxa yinkqubo yeekhemikhali. Kususa izinto ezingafunekiyo ezinemibala kwiifayibha. Ukufunxa kususa umbala kwiingcola ezinemibala ezingasuswayo kukukhuhla. Kulungiselela ilaphu iinkqubo zokugqiba ezinje ngokudaya okanye ukuprinta. Ukufunxa kususa umbala ongafunekiyo. Kukwaphucula kakhulu ukufunxa kwezinto. Oku kufunxa okuphuculweyo kubalulekile ekufakeni umbala nokuprinta ngempumelelo.

Iindlela Eziphambili Zokudaya Ukukhawuleza Okuphuculweyo

Iindlela zanamhlanje zokudaya zibonelela ngophuculo olukhulu ekungaguquguquki kombala kunye nozinzo. Ezi ndlela ziphucula indlela iidayi ezibopha ngayo kwimicu.

Ukudaya nge-CO2 ebukhali yindlela entsha. Isebenzisa i-carbon dioxide njengendlela yokudaya. Le teknoloji ifezekisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi akukho. Le nkqubo inyibilikisa iimolekyuli zedayi kwi-supercritical carbon dioxide fluid. Olu lwelo luza kungena kwi-reaction tank. Idayi ingena ngokukhawuleza kumphezulu wefayibha. Emva koko ingena kumaleko angaphakathi efayibha. Ukuqina kwedayi kwenzeka xa uxinzelelo lwedayi kwifayibha nakwi-fluid lufikelela kumlinganiselo olinganayo. Emva kokudaywa, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo kukhulula i-carbon dioxide. Oku kuphumela kwilaphu elomileyo elidaywe ngaphandle kwenkqubo eyahlukileyo yokomisa. Zombini idayi kunye ne-carbon dioxide ziphinda zisetyenziswe kwaye zisetyenziswe kwakhona. Oku kukhokelela kwinkqubo yokudaywa nokugqiba engenangcoliseko kwaye engenankunkuma. Kwiifayibha ze-polyester (PET), ukudaywa kwe-CO2 okudaywe kakhulu kusebenza kakhulu. Iidayi ezisasazwayo zibonisa ukunyibilika okuphezulu kwi-CO2 edaywe kakhulu kunamanzi. Iimolekyuli ze-CO2 zingena ngokulula kwaye zivuthulule izithuba ezingenanto phakathi kweetyathanga ze-polymer ze-PET. Oku kwandisa ukuhamba kweetyathanga ze-polymer, okuvumela ukusasazeka kwedayi okungcono. Iisampulu ze-PET ezidaywe ngale ndlela zibonisa ukudinwa okuphezulu kwedayi, amandla ombala (K/S), kunye neempawu zokukhawulezaOku kuthelekiswa neendlela zokudaya eziqhelekileyo.

Itekhnoloji yokudaya i-ultrasonic nayo Iphucula ukungena kwedayi. Inciphisa ixesha lokucubungulaAmaza e-ultrasonic enza amaqamza amancinci, aziwa ngokuba yi-cavitation, kwindawo yokuhlamba idayi. I-cavitation iphucula ukusasazeka kwedayi. Iphucula ukudumba kwefayibha. Ikwaqhekeza ii-aggregates zedayi. Oku kukhokelela ekungeneni ngcono kwedayi kwiifayibha zelaphu. Isiphumo kukuba nombala ongcono kunye nokudaya ngokukhawuleza.

Unyango Emva Kokudaya Ukuze Ihlale Iqinile

Emva kokudaywa, unyango oluthile luphucula ngakumbi ukuqina kombala kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwelaphu. Olu nyango luquka izinto zokulungisa kunye nezinto zokuthambisa.

Iiarhente zokulungisa idayi ye-cationic zibalulekile kwiidayi ezisabelayo. Ziphucula ukuqina kokuhlamba. Ezi arhente zinetshaja yombane eyakhayo. Zisebenzisana neemolekyuli zedayi ezisabelayo ezihlawuliswayo kakubi. Olu nxibelelwano ludala umdla onamandla we-electrostatic. Oku kwenza i-complex ezinzileyo evala idayi kwisakhiwo sefayibha. Oku kwandisa ukuqina kokuhlamba, ukuqina kokuhlamba, kunye nokumelana nokubila. Iindlela zeekhemikhali ziquka:

1. Ukubopha kwe-Ionic: Ii-Cationic fixing agents zenza izinto ezinomtsalane ze-electrostatic kunye namaqela e-sulfonic acid atshajelwe kakubi eedayi ze-anionic reactive. Oku kudala iibhondi ze-ionic. Ezi bondi zibamba ngokuqinileyo iimolekyuli zedayi kumphezulu wefayibha. Oku kuzithintela ekukhukuleni.
2. Ukwenziwa kweeFilimu: Ezinye izinto zokulungisa zenza ifilimu encinci, ekhuselayo kumphezulu wefayibha edayiweyo. Le filimu isebenza njengomqobo obonakalayo. Ithintela iimolekyuli zedayi ekuphumeni emanzini okuhlamba. Ikwakhusela iibhondi zedayi-fiber ezidibeneyo ekukrazuleni nasekuhlaselweni ziikhemikhali ngexesha lokuhlamba impahla.
3. Ukwakheka Okuntsonkothileyo: Izinto zokulungisa zinokwenza ii-complexes ezizinzileyo ezinee-reactive dye molecules. Ezi complexes zizinzile ngakumbi kunee-molecules zedayi nganye. Zihlala zincipha ukunyibilika kwamanzi. Oku kuthintela ngakumbi idayi ukuba ingaphumi ngexesha lokuhlamba.

Izithambisi nazo ziyasetyenziswa emva kokudaywa. Ziphucula indlela ilaphu elivakalelwa ngayo kunye nokusebenza kwalo. Izithambisi ezingezizo ii-ionic zilungele ilaphu elisebenza kakuhle. Zibonelela ngemvakalelo ethambileyo, egudileyo yesandla ngaphandle kokuchukumisa amafutha. Ezi zithambisi zigcina ilaphu likwazi ukungena emanzini. Oku kuvumela ukufunxwa komswakama ngokukhawuleza kunye nokucocwa. Oku kubalulekile ukuze ilaphu likhululeke xa linxiba. Zikwanotyekelo oluncinci lokubangela ukuba libe tyheli. Oku kugcina ukukhanya kwelaphu elinombala okhanyayo. Izithambisi ze-silicone ezisebenzisa amanzi zibaluleke kakhulu kwimpahla yezemidlalo. Ziphucula i-hydrophilicity. Oku kuvumela ilaphu ukuba lifunxe ngokukhawuleza kwaye lisuse ukubila. Oku kubalulekile kulawulo lomswakama kunye nolawulo lobushushu. Ezi zithambisi zikwabonelela ngemvakalelo yesandla ethambileyo negudileyo. Zinciphisa ukungqubana kunye nokurhawuzelelwa. Zinegalelo ekomeleleni kwempahla. Zimelana nokujika kube tyheli kwaye zigcina umbala ugqibelele.

Ukukhetha Amalaphu Afanelekileyo Okugcina Idayi Egqwesileyo Kwimpahla Yezemidlalo

Ukukhetha ilaphu elifanelekileyo kubaluleke njengokukhetha idayi efanelekileyo yokudaya iimpahla zemidlalo ezihlala ixesha elide. Iifayibha ezahlukeneyo zisabela ngokukodwa kwiidayi kunye nonyango. Oku kuchaphazela indlela ezigcina ngayo umbala ngokuchasene nokubila kunye nokuhlanjwa.

I-Polyester yokuqinisa umbala ngendlela egqwesileyo

I-Polyester ibalasele ngombala wayo ogqwesileyo. imixokelelwane yepolymer epakishwe kakuhle zifuna iidayi ezikhethekileyo ezinokungena kwifayibha phantsi kobushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo. Iifayibha zePolyester nazo azinawo umoya. Azinazo iindawo ze-ionic zokuncamathisela idayi. Oku kuzenza zamkele iidayi ezisasazekileyo ezingezizo ze-ionic. Ezi dayi zinokungena kwi-fiber core, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimibala eqaqambileyo nehlala ixesha elide.

Iimpawu zokuDaya zeNylon

I-nylon ineempawu ezikhethekileyo zokudaya. Iyamkela ngokulula iidayi zeasidi, zenze iibhondi ze-ionic eziqinileyo kunye nesakhiwo sayo se-polymer. Oku kukhokelela kwimibala eqaqambileyo nengahlambiyo. Ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwe-pH kwindawo yokuhlamba idayi ene-asidi lubalulekile ekufakweni kwedayi kwi-nylon. I-chemistry ye-molecular ye-nylon, ngakumbi yayo iibhondi ze-amide, inegalelo ekudayikeni kwayo okuphezulu xa kuthelekiswa ne-polyester, enee-ester. Nangona kunjalo, ukufumana umbala ofanayo kunye nokukhawuleza okuhle kwiimpahla zemidlalo ze-nylon kuzisa imingeni. Ukwahluka kweempawu zefayibha kunokubangela ukungena kwedayi okungalinganiyo. Unyango olungafanelekanga lwangaphambi kokulungiswa lukwaphazamisana nokunamathela kwidayi. Iidayi zinokuphuma ngexesha lokuhlamba ukuba azilungiswanga kakuhle. Imitha ye-UV inokuqhekeza iimolekyuli zedayi, ibangele ukufiphala. Ukungqubana kunokubangela ukuba idayi idluliselwe kwezinye iindawo. Ixabiso le-pH yesisombululo sedayi lichaphazela kakhulu ukufunxwa kwedayiUlawulo lobushushu, ingakumbi phakathi kwama-65-85°C, lubalulekile ekuthinteleni ukudaywa okungalinganiyo.

Iingxaki zokuDaya kunye neeLaphu eziDityanisiweyo

Ukudaya amalaphu axutyiweyo, afana ne-polyester/cotton okanye i-polyester/spandex, kuzisa imingeni eyahlukileyo. Le mixube idibanisa imicu kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo ezidityanisiweyo ngedayi. Kwimixube ye-polyester/cotton, indlela yokudaya kabini idla ngokuba yimfuneko. Oku kubandakanya ukudaya icandelo lekotoni kuqala ngohlobo olunye lwedayi, uze uphinde inkqubo yecandelo le-polyester ngedayi enye. Le ndlela idla ngokuphumela kwisiphumo esithuleyo okanye esicacileyo endaweni yombala oqinileyo oqaqambileyo. Ukufikelela kumbala oqinileyo ofanayo ngokwenene noqaqambileyo kunzima ngenxa yezinto ezahlukeneyo ezidityanisiweyo ngedayi. Imixube ye-polyester/spandex ijongene neengxaki ezifana ukopha kwedayi ngexesha lokucoca okanye ukucoca ngamanzi. Amandla aphezulu adla ngokufuneka xa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu okudayaUkungakhawulezi kombala okungalunganga kunokwenzeka ngenxa yokudaya idayi kwinxalenye ye-spandex. Ukopha kombala womphezulu kuchaphazela ukukhawuleza kokuhlambaI-Spandex inokwaphuka ngexesha lokugqiba. Iindlela zokunciphisa ulusu ziquka ukusebenzisa izinto ezithile zokuhlamba, iifilimu zokukhusela, kunye nezinto zokunyusa ukusasazwa kwedayi.

Ukufezekisa iimpahla zemidlalo ezihlala ixesha elide, ezingashukumiyo ukubila nokuhlanjwa kufuna indlela epheleleyo yokudaya idayi yempahla yezemidlalo. Oku kubandakanya ukukhetha idayi ngononophelo, ukulungiswa kwelaphu ngononophelo, kunye neendlela eziphambili zokudaya. Unyango olusebenzayo emva konyango nalo lubalulekile. Icebo elibanzi liqinisekisa umbala ohlala ixesha elide kunye nokusebenza kwimpahla yezemidlalo, ukuhlangabezana nolindelo lwabathengi lomgangatho kunye nokunyamezela.

FAQ

Kutheni iidayi ezisabelayo nezisasazwayo zilungele iimpahla zemidlalo?

Iidayi ezisabelayo zidibana ngokweekhemikhali neefayibha zendalo. Iidayi ezisasazwayo zingena kwiifayibha ezenziweyo. Zombini ezi ndlela ziqinisekisa ukuba umbala awubi mdaka xa ubila kwaye uhlanjwa.

Unyango lwangaphambi kokulungiswa kwelaphu lunceda njani ukuba idayi ihlale ixesha elide?

Unyango lwangaphambi konyango lususa ukungcola. Luyenza ilaphu lifunxe ngakumbi. Oku kuvumela idayi ukuba ingene nzulu kwaye ngokulinganayo. Luthintela imibala eqhekekileyo kwaye luphucula ukukhawuleza.

Yintoni eyenza imibala yezemidlalo iphele ngokuhamba kwexesha?

Ukuhlanjwa rhoqo, ukubila, kunye nokuvezwa yi-UV kunokwaphula iimolekyuli zedayi. Ukukhethwa kwedayi ngendlela engafanelekanga okanye ukungonelanga emva konyango nako kunegalelo ekunyamalaleni.