Ungawunikeza Kanjani Udayi Ohlala Njalo Wezingubo Zezemidlalo Ezimelana Nokujuluka Nokuwashwa?

Ukudaya izingubo zemidlalo okuhlala isikhathi eside kuncike ekukhetheni amadayi asabelayo noma asakazekayo. Ukwelashwa kwendwangu okufanele kanye nokwelashwa okuphumelelayo ngemva kokwelashwa kubalulekile. Abathengi abaningi babika ukuthi amadayi aphuma esikhumbeni noma kwezinye izingubo futhi anyamalale kakhulu ngemva kokugeza. Lezi zindlela zibalulekile ekufinyeleleni ukumelana nokujuluka nokugeza ezingutsheni zemidlalo. Ukuqonda lezi zindlela kuqinisekisa umbala nokusebenza okuhlala isikhathi eside.

Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele

• Khetha amadayi afanele ezingubo zemidlalo. Amadayi asebenzayo asebenza ezindwangu zemvelo. Amadayi ahlakazayo asebenza ezindwangu zokwenziwa. Lokhu kwenza imibala ihlale isikhathi eside.
• Lungisa izindwangu kahle ngaphambi kokuzidaya. Izindwangu ezihlanzekile zimunca kangcono udayi. Lokhu kusiza imibala ukuthi ihlale ilingana futhi ikhanya.
• Sebenzisa izindlela ezikhethekile zokwelashwa ngemva kokudaya. Lezi zindlela zokwelashwa zigcina imibala. Zenza izingubo zezemidlalo ziqine ekujulukeni nasekuwashweni.

Ukuqonda Izinhlobo Zedayi Zokudaya Izingubo Zezemidlalo Ezihlala Isikhathi Eside

Ukukhetha uhlobo olufanele lwedayi kubalulekile ekufezeni ukudaya izingubo zemidlalo okuhlala isikhathi eside. Imicu ehlukene idinga amakhemikhali athile odayi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umbala awushiyi ukujuluka, ukuwasha kanye nokukhanya.

Amadayi Asebenzayo Emicu Yemvelo

Amadayi asebenzayo afaneleka kakhulu kumafayibha emvelo njengokotini, ilineni, kanye ne-rayon, avame kakhulu ezinhlanganisweni zezemidlalo. Lawa madayi akha isibopho esiqinile samakhemikhali nama-molecule efayibha. Amadayi asebenzayo aqukethe amaqembu asebenzayo asabela ngamakhemikhali namaqembu e-hydroxyl kuma-cellulose namaqembu e-amino kumafayibha ephrotheni. Lokhu kusabela kwakha izibopho ze-covalent. Isakhiwo samakhemikhali esijwayelekile salawa madayi singamelwa njenge-WDB-Re, lapho i-'Re' isho iqembu elisebenzayo. Izibonelo ezithile zalawa maqembu asebenzayo zifaka phakathi izakhiwo ezisekelwe ku-triazine, i-pyrimidine, i-vinylsulfone, kanye ne-phosphonic acidAmadayi asebenza ngefayibha, njenge Amadayi e-monoazo noma e-dichlorotriazine, aklanyelwe ukwakha izibopho eziqinile ze-covalent ngemicu ngesikhathi senqubo yokudaya. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi umbala awugugi kahle. Lokhu kuhlangana okuqinile kusho ukuthi umbala uba yingxenye yemicu uqobo, okwenza imelane kakhulu nokunyamalala kokugezwa nokujuluka.

Udayi Wokusabalalisa Wezintambo Zokwenziwa

Amadayi okuhlakaza ayisinqumo esiyinhloko samafayibha okwenziwa njenge-polyester, i-nylon, ne-acetate. Lawa mafayibha awanazo izindawo zokusabela ekubopheni kwe-covalent. Amadayi okuhlakaza akhona ayi-ionic. Azincibiliki emanzini kakhulu, okudinga ukusetshenziswa ngendlela ehlukaniswe kahle, ehlakazekile. Indlela yabo yokudaya incike ekuhlakazekeni kwama-molecule kunokuba incibilike. Ama-molecule edayi aya ezindaweni ezingafani zemicu yokwenziwa lapho eshiswa. Akha amandla e-van der Waals kanye nezibopho ze-hydrophobic ngamaketanga e-polymer ngaphakathi kwe-fiber. Izici eziningana zithonya lokhu kusakazwa, okuhlanganisa usayizi wama-molecule edayi, ukwakheka kwe-fiber, kanye nokushisa kwengilazi ye-fiber (Tg). I-Azo barbituric acid kanye ne-thiobarbituric acid derivatives zinezakhiwo zama-molecule ezihlukile. I-barbituric acid moiety iqukethe amaqembu amaningi e-carbonyl asebenzisana nemicu yendwangu, okuthuthukisa ukumuncwa, ukuqina, kanye nokuqina kombala. Iqembu le-azo, elihlanganiswe ne-barbituric moiety, lingaba khona ngezindlela ezahlukene ze-tautomeric, lifaka isandla ezimpahleni ze-spectral kanye nokuziphatha okuphendulayo kwe-pH. Lezi zinto ezitholakalayo zibonisa amakhono amahle kakhulu okwamukela ama-electron.

💡 Icebiso: Kwezingubo zemidlalo ze-polyester, amadayi ahlakazekile anikeza ukushesha okuhle kakhulu kwe-sublimation. Ngaphansi kwezindinganiso ze-ISO 105-P01, ukushesha kwe-sublimation kwamadayi ahlakazekile kwezingubo zemidlalo ze-polyester kuvame ukuhlolwa ukuthi anombala noma ashintshe umbala ku- 180°C noma 210°C imizuzwana engama-30. Isilinganiso sibe sesenziwa esikalini esimpunga esingu-1-5. Uma sihlolwa ngokwe-ISO 105-P01, imiphumela yokushesha kwe-sublimation yamasampula e-PET adayiwe ngokuvamile isukela kokuphakathi kuya kokuhle kakhulu (Ibanga eli-1-5, lapho eli-1 libi khona kanti eli-5 lihle kakhulu). Amasampula e-PET avame ukubonisa ukushesha kwe-sublimation okungcono kancane uma kuqhathaniswa nezindwangu ezidaywe nge-acrylic ne-nylon. Amadayi aqukethe amaqembu afaka esikhundleni afana ne--NO2 kanye ne--Cl nawo abonwe ekhombisa ukushesha kwe-sublimation okuthuthukisiwe.

Izinto Okufanele Uzicabangele Ngokudaya Imibala Ngezingubo Zezemidlalo

Ukudaya umbala kuhilela ukufaka izinhlayiya zombala ezingancibiliki ebusweni bendwangu usebenzisa i-binder. Uyinki we-pigment wakhiwe ngamanzi, i-pigment powder ecolekile, kanye ne-binderNakuba zithandwa kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni okubucayi ngenxa yokuthi azibangeli ukungezwani komzimba futhi azinazo izinto ezibangela ukungezwani komzimba, indlela i-pigment eyinki ehlala ngayo ebusweni bendwangu, kunokuba ingene emicu, ingenza indwangu izwakale ithambile kancane uma iqhathaniswa nezinye iziseti ze-inki yendwangu. Izindwangu ezidaywe ngombala omusha zivame ukubonisa ukuqina noma ukuqina kokuqala. Lokhu kuqina kuvame ukuncipha ngokuwashwa okulandelayo. Inqubo yokudaya ihilela ingxenye yokubopha, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-binder, esiza umbala ukuthi unamathele ebusweni bendwangu. Ngemva kokuba i-binder isetshenzisiwe, izingubo zomiswa kahle ukuze kufakwe idayi. Nakuba imibala inikeza ukuqina okuhle, ukuqina kwayo kokuwasha kungaba ngaphansi kunedayi esabelayo noma ehlakazekayo ngoba umbala awuhlangani ngamakhemikhali nefayibha. Lokhu kungaba ukukhathazeka ngezingubo zemidlalo eziwashwa njalo.

Ukudaya i-Vat Ukuze Kuhlale Kuqinile

Amadayi e-vat ayaziwa ngezakhiwo zawo zokuqina ezingavamile, ikakhulukazi kuma-fiber e-cellulosic. Amadayi e-vat awancibiliki ekuqaleni. Zincishiswa zibe yifomu 'leuco' encibilikayo endaweni ene-alkaline ne-reducing medium, ezivumela ukuthi zisabalale ku-fiber. Lapho i-oxidation (ichayeka emoyeni noma kuma-oxidizing agents), ifomu le-leuco libuyela esimweni salo sokuqala se-pigment engancibiliki. Lo mbala ongancibiliki ubambeka ngaphakathi kwe-fiber, okwenza ama-molecule edayi amelane nokuwashwa, ukukhanya, kanye namakhemikhali. Amadayi e-VAT anokuqina kwe-photostability ngenxa yesakhiwo sawo sama-molecule, okwenza amelane nokubola kwe-photo futhi awavumele ukuthi agcine umbala wawo ngisho nangemva kokuvezwa ukukhanya isikhathi eside. Amadayi e-VAT awancibiliki ngaphakathi kwe-fiber futhi akha isibopho samakhemikhali, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ahlala engashintshi ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo zokuhlanza noma ze-bleach ezinamandla. Lokhu kuzenza zifaneleke ezingubo zemidlalo ezisebenza kahle ezidinga ukuqina okukhulu.

I-ISO 105 B02 iyindinganiso evamile yamazwe ngamazwe yokushesha kombala ekukhanyeniKuhilela ukuveza isampula yendwangu ngesikhathi esisodwa nezinto zokubhekisela zoboya obuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ukufiphala kwesampula yokuhlola kube sekulinganiswa uma kuqhathaniswa nokubhekisela koboya obuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Isikali Soboya Obuluhlaza sisukela ku-1 (ukushesha kombala okuphansi kakhulu kuya ekukhanyeni) kuya ku-8 (ukushesha kombala okuphezulu kakhulu kuya ekukhanyeni).

Ukulungiselela Indwangu Nokusetshenziswa Kokudaya Izingubo Zezemidlalo

Ukuthola umbala oqinile ezingutsheni zezemidlalo kudinga okungaphezu nje kokukhetha udayi ofanele. Ukulungiswa kwendwangu kanye nenqubo yokudaya ngokwayo kudlala indima ebalulekile. Ukwelashwa okufanele ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa kuqinisekisa ukuthi indwangu iyawamukela udayi ngokulinganayo. Izindlela zokudaya ezithuthukisiwe zithuthukisa ukuqina kombala. Ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo ngemva kokusetshenziswa kuvala umbala futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kwendwangu.

Izinqubo Ezibalulekile Zangaphambi Kokwelashwa

Ukulungiswa kwendwangu kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekile ekudayini izingubo zemidlalo ezihlala isikhathi eside. Kususa ukungcola okungaphazamisa ukumuncwa kwedayi. Izinqubo ezimbili ezibalulekile ukukhuhla kanye nokufiphaza.

Ukukhuhla kuyinqubo yokuhlanza. Kususa ukungcola okuvela kumafayibha, ezintanjeni, noma endwangu. Lokhu kuvame ukuhilela ukugeza ngezixazululo ze-alkaline. Ukukhuhla kususa izinto ezingezona i-cellulosic kusuka kukotini. Kuphinde kususe amafutha okugcoba, ukungcola, izinto zemvelo, kanye nezinto ezivimbela ukuguguleka. Lokhu kungcola kwenza ifayibha ingamunci. Ukukhuhla kwenza indwangu imunceke kakhulu. Kwenza kube lula ukungena kwedayi kanye namakhemikhali. Le nqubo ishiya indwangu isesimweni sokumunca kakhulu. Lokhu ikwenza ngaphandle komonakalo omkhulu wamakhemikhali noma womzimba. Ukukhuhla kahle kuvimbela izinkinga ezifana nokudaya okunamabala. Ama-wax noma izinto zangaphandle, uma zingasuswa, zingabangela lezi zinkinga.

Ukufiphaza kuyinqubo yamakhemikhali. Kususa izinto ezingafuneki ezinombala emicu. Ukufiphaza kususa umbala ongcolile ongenakusulwa ukukhuhla. Kulungiselela indwangu izinqubo ezengeziwe zokuqeda njengokudaya noma ukuphrinta. Ukufiphaza kususa umbala ongafuneki. Kuphinde kuthuthukise kakhulu ukumuncwa kwezinto. Lokhu kufiphaza okuthuthukisiwe kubalulekile ekudayiseni nasekuphrinteni okuphumelelayo.

Amasu Okudaya Athuthukisiwe Okuthuthukisa Ukushesha

Amasu okudaya esimanje anikeza intuthuko enkulu ekuqineni kombala kanye nokusimama. Lezi zindlela zithuthukisa indlela amadayi abopha ngayo imicu.

Ukudaya i-CO2 ngendlela engavamile kuyindlela entsha. Isebenzisa i-carbon dioxide njengendlela yokudaya. Lobu buchwepheshe bufeza ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okungelutho. Le nqubo incibilikisa ama-molecule edayi ku-supercritical carbon dioxide fluid. Lolu ketshezi lube selusakazeka ethangini lokusabela. Udayi unamathela ngokushesha ebusweni be-fiber. Bese ungena ungqimba lwangaphakathi lwe-fiber. Ukufakwa kwedayi kwenzeka lapho ukuhlushwa kwedayi ku-fiber naku-fluid kufinyelela ekulinganisweni. Ngemva kokudayi, ukunciphisa ingcindezi kukhipha i-carbon dioxide. Lokhu kuphumela ezindwangu ezidaywe ezomile ngaphandle kwenqubo ehlukile yokomisa. Kokubili udayi ne-carbon dioxide kusetshenziswa kabusha ngokuphelele futhi kusetshenziswe kabusha. Lokhu kuholela enkambisweni yokudayiva nokuqeda engenakungcola futhi engenamfucuza. Kuma-fiber e-polyester (PET), ukudayiva kwe-CO2 okudaywayo okudaywayo kusebenza kakhulu. Amadayi ahlakazayo abonisa ukuncibilika okuphezulu ku-CO2 okudaywayo okudaywayo kunamanzi. Ama-molecule e-CO2 angena kalula futhi avuvukele izikhala ezingenalutho phakathi kwamaketanga e-PET polymer. Lokhu kwandisa ukuhamba kwamaketanga e-polymer, okuvumela ukusabalala okungcono kwedayi. Amasampula e-PET adayiwe ngale ndlela abonisa ukukhathala okukhulu kakhulu kodayi, amandla ombala (K/S), kanye nezakhiwo zokusheshaLokhu kuqhathaniswa nezindlela ezivamile zokudaya.

Ubuchwepheshe bokudaya be-Ultrasonic futhi kuthuthukisa ukungena kwedayi. Kunciphisa isikhathi sokucubungulaAmagagasi e-Ultrasonic adala amabhamuza amancane, aziwa ngokuthi i-cavitation, ebhavini lodayi. I-cavitation ithuthukisa ukusabalala kodayi. Ithuthukisa ukuvuvukala kwefayibha. Iphinde ihlukanise ama-aggregate odayi. Lokhu kuholela ekungeneni okuthuthukisiwe kodayi kumafayibha endwangu. Umphumela uba ikhwalithi yombala engcono kanye nokudaya okusheshayo.

Ukwelashwa Ngemva Kokudaya Ukuze Kuhlale Isikhathi Eside Kakhulu

Ngemva kokudaya, ukwelashwa okuthile kuthuthukisa ukuqina kombala kanye nokusebenza kahle kwendwangu. Lokhu kwelashwa kufaka phakathi izinto zokulungisa kanye nezinto zokuthambisa.

Ama-ejenti okulungisa udayi we-cationic abalulekile kumadayi asebenzayo. Athuthukisa ukuqina kokugeza. Lawa ma-ejenti aneshaja kagesi enhle. Asebenzisana nama-molecule edayi asebenzayo angasebenzi kahle. Lokhu kuxhumana kudala ukukhanga okunamandla kwe-electrostatic. Lokhu kwakha inkimbinkimbi eqinile ebopha udayi esakhiweni sefayibha. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukuqina kokugeza okumanzi, ukuqina kokugeza, kanye nokumelana nokujuluka. Izindlela zamakhemikhali zifaka phakathi:

1. Ukubopha kwe-Ionic: Ama-Cationic fixing agents akha izindawo ezikhangayo ze-electrostatic ezinamaqembu e-sulfonic acid ashajeke kabi amadayi asabelayo e-anionic. Lokhu kudala izibopho ze-ionic. Lezi zibopho zibamba ama-molecule edayi ngokuqinile ebusweni befayibha. Lokhu kuzivimbela ekukhuculukeni.
2. Ukwakha Amafilimu: Amanye ama-fixing agents adala ifilimu elincane, elivikelayo ebusweni befayibha edaywe. Le filimu isebenza njengesivikelo esibonakalayo. Ivimbela ama-molecule edayi ukuthi angakhululeki emanzini okugeza. Iphinde ivikele izibopho ze-covalent zefayibha ekulimaleni nasekuhlaselweni ngamakhemikhali ngesikhathi sokuwasha.
3. Ukwakheka Okuyinkimbinkimbi: Ama-fixing agents angakha ama-complex azinzile anama-molecule edayi asebenzayo. Lawa ma-complexes azinzile kakhulu kunama-molecule edayi ngamanye. Avame ukuba nokuncishiswa kwamanzi. Lokhu kuvimbela futhi ukuthi idayi ingaphumi ngesikhathi sokuwasha.

Izithambisi nazo ziyasetshenziswa ngemva kokudaya. Zithuthukisa umuzwa kanye nokusebenza kwendwangu. Izithambisi ezingezona i-ionic zilungele izindwangu ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Zinikeza umuzwa wesandla othambile, obushelelezi ngaphandle kokuthinta amafutha. Lezi zithambisi zigcina ukunamathela kwendwangu emanzini. Lokhu kuvumela ukumuncwa komswakama okusheshayo kanye nokugoba. Lokhu kubalulekile ukuze kube nenduduzo ekugugeni kokusebenza. Futhi azinawo umkhuba wokubangela ukuphuzi. Lokhu kugcina ukukhanya kwezindwangu ezinombala okhanyayo. Izithambisi ze-silicone ezinamathela emanzini zibaluleke kakhulu kwezemidlalo. Zithuthukisa ukunamathela kwamanzi emanzini. Lokhu kuvumela izindwangu ukuthi zimunce ngokushesha futhi zisuse umjuluko. Lokhu kubalulekile ekuphathweni komswakama kanye nokulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa. Lezi zithambisi zinikeza umuzwa wesandla othambile futhi obushelelezi okunethezeka. Zinciphisa ukungqubuzana kanye nokukhuhlana. Zinegalelo ekuqineni kwezingubo. Zimelana nokuphuzi futhi zigcina umbala uphelele.

Ukukhetha Izindwangu Ezifanele Zokugcina Udayi Osezingeni Eliphezulu Ezingutsheni Zezemidlalo

Ukukhetha indwangu efanele kubaluleke njengokukhetha amadayi afanele okufaka umbala ezimpahleni zemidlalo ezihlala isikhathi eside. Imicu ehlukene isabela ngendlela ekhethekile kumadayi nasekwelashweni. Lokhu kuthinta indlela agcina ngayo umbala ngokumelene nokujuluka nokuwashwa.

I-Polyester Yokugcina Umbala Okuhle Kakhulu

I-Polyester ivelele ngokuqina kwayo kombala okuhle kakhulu. amaketanga e-polymer ahlanganiswe kahle zidinga amadayi akhethekile angangena ku-fiber ngaphansi kokushisa okuphezulu kanye nengcindezi. Ama-fiber e-polyester nawo awathandi amanzi. Awanazo izindawo ze-ionic zokunamathisela udayi. Lokhu kuwenza amukele amadayi asakazekayo angewona ama-ionic. Lawa madayi angangena ngaphakathi kwe-fiber, okuholela emibala egqamile nehlala isikhathi eside.

Izici Zokudaya Kwenayiloni

Inayiloni inezici zokudaya ezihlukile. Iyakwamukela kalula amadayi e-asidi, yakha izibopho eziqinile ze-ionic nesakhiwo sayo se-polymer. Lokhu kuholela emibala egqamile nengagezwa. Ukulawulwa kwe-pH okunembile ebhavini lodayi olune-asidi kubalulekile ekufakweni kahle kodayi kwi-nylon. I-chemistry yama-molecule ye-nylon, ikakhulukazi yayo izibopho ze-amide, kunegalelo ekudayikeni kwayo okuphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa ne-polyester, enezixhumanisi ze-ester. Kodwa-ke, ukuthola umbala ofanayo kanye nokuqina okuhle kwezingubo zezemidlalo ze-nylon kuletha izinselele. Ukwehluka kwezakhiwo zefayibha kungabangela ukungena kodayi okungalingani. Ukwelashwa okungafanele ngaphambi kokwelashwa kuphazamisa nokunamathela kudayi. Amadayi angaphuma ngesikhathi sokuwasha uma engalungiswanga kahle. Imisebe ye-UV ingaphula ama-molecule edayi, ibangele ukufiphala. Ukungqubuzana kungabangela ukudluliselwa kwedayi kwezinye izindawo. Inani le-pH lesisombululo sedayi lithinta kakhulu ukumuncwa kwedayiUkulawula izinga lokushisa, ikakhulukazi phakathi kuka-65-85°C, kubalulekile futhi ukuvimbela ukudaya okungalingani.

Izindwangu Ezihlanganisiwe Nezinselele Zokudaya

Ukudaya izindwangu ezixubile, njenge-polyester/ukotini noma i-polyester/spandex, kuletha izinselele eziyingqayizivele. Lezi zingxube zihlanganisa imicu nezinto ezixubile zodayi. Kuzingxube ze-polyester/ukotini, inqubo yokudaya kabili ivame ukudingeka. Lokhu kuhilela ukudaya ingxenye yekotini kuqala ngohlobo olulodwa lwedayi, bese kuphinda inqubo yengxenye ye-polyester ngodayi ohlukile. Le ndlela ivame ukuphumela emphumeleni othulile noma oqondile kunombala oqinile ogqamile. Ukufinyelela umbala oqinile ofanayo nogqamile kunzima ngenxa yezinto ezixubile zodayi. Ingxube ye-polyester/spandex ibhekene nezinkinga ezifana ukuphuma kwedayi ngesikhathi sokuhlanza okomile noma ukuhlanza okumanzi. Amandla aphezulu avame ukudingeka emazingeni okushisa aphezulu okudayaUkungasheshi kombala kahle kungenzeka ngenxa yokudaya umbala engxenyeni ye-spandex. Ukopha kombala wobuso kuthinta ukushesha kokugezaI-Spandex ingaphuka futhi ngesikhathi sokuqeda. Amasu okunciphisa afaka phakathi ukusebenzisa izinto zokuwasha ezithile, amafilimu okuvikela, kanye nezithuthukisi zokusabalalisa udayi.

Ukufeza izingubo zemidlalo eziqinile, ezingangeni umjuluko futhi ezingagezwa kudinga indlela ephelele yokudaya izingubo zemidlalo. Lokhu kuhilela ukukhetha udayi ngokucophelela, ukulungiswa kwendwangu ngokucophelela, kanye namasu okudaya athuthukile. Ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo ngemva kokwelashwa nakho kubalulekile. Isu eliphelele liqinisekisa umbala nokusebenza okuhlala isikhathi eside ezingutsheni zemidlalo, okuhlangabezana nokulindelwe ngabathengi kwekhwalithi nokukhuthazela.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Kungani amadayi asabelayo nasabalele elungele izingubo zezemidlalo?

Amadayi asabelayo ahlangana ngamakhemikhali nemicu yemvelo. Amadayi ahlakazayo angena emicu yokwenziwa. Zombili lezi zindlela ziqinisekisa ukuthi umbala awushiyi ukujuluka nokuwasha.

Ukwelashwa kwendwangu kusengaphambili kusiza kanjani ukuqina kwedayi?

Ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kokwelashwa kususa ukungcola. Kwenza indwangu imunceke kakhudlwana. Lokhu kuvumela amadayi ukuthi angene ngokujulile nangokulinganayo. Kuvimbela imibala exubile futhi kuthuthukisa ukushesha.

Yini eyenza imibala yezingubo zezemidlalo iphele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi?

Ukuwasha njalo, ukujuluka, kanye nokuvezwa yi-UV kungaphula ama-molecule edayi. Ukukhetha udayi okungalungile noma ukungaphathwa kahle ngemva kokwelashwa nakho kunomthelela ekunyamalaleni.